Pedagogical Challenges in Arabic Grammar: An Analysis of Qawaid Learning Problematics within a Non-Formal Education Ecosystem

Main Article Content

Authors

Anton Hariyono
Hisbullah Huda
Nur Cholis Agus Santoso
Keywords:
Learning Problematics; Qawaid; Durusul Lughah; Lecture Method; Community Learning Center (PKBM).

Abstract

Text size

Abstract


Arabic qawaid (grammar) learning plays a crucial role in the Islamic education system; however, its instruction within non-formal channels faces intricate challenges. This study aims to thoroughly describe the problematics of qawaid learning, analyze the determinant factors influencing it, and examine teachers' efforts to overcome these obstacles. Utilizing a qualitative field research approach, Nine informants were selected through a purposive sampling technique at PKBM Ibadurrahman Sidoarjo, comprising one female Arabic teacher and eight male students from the junior high school-equivalent (Paket B) program.. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, structured observations, and documentation, and subsequently analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The results indicate that Arabic grammar instruction using the Durusul Lughah textbook is dominated by the conventional, teacher-centered lecture method. This monological approach triggers student burnout, decreases motivation, and engenders academic anxiety. The issue is exacerbated by students' high cognitive load in comprehending abstract rules-such as Inna wa Akhwatuha-alongside the absence of teacher differentiation strategies to bridge the heterogeneous backgrounds of non-formal students. Teachers' curative efforts, including spontaneous quizzes and the contextualization of simple sentence examples, remain partial. The implications of this study emphasize the urgency of a methodological reconstruction toward student-centered learning and the integration of self-regulated learning strategies to reduce cognitive load while enhancing the effectiveness of Arabic grammar instruction within the non-formal education ecosystem. 


Abstrak


Pembelajaran qawaid (tata bahasa Arab) memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam sistem pendidikan Islam. Namun, pelaksanaannya pada jalur pendidikan nonformal menghadapi berbagai tantangan yang kompleks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan secara mendalam problematika pembelajaran qawaid, menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya, serta mengkaji upaya guru dalam mengatasi berbagai hambatan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian lapangan. Sedangkan informan dipilih melalui teknik purposive sampling di PKBM Ibadurrahman Sidoarjo, yang terdiri dari satu orang guru bahasa Arab dan delapan siswi dari program kesetaraan tingkat menengah (Paket B). Informan penelitian dipilih melalui teknik purposive sampling di PKBM Ibadurrahman Sidoarjo. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi terstruktur, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model analisis interaktif Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran qawaid bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan kitab Durusul Lughah masih didominasi oleh metode ceramah konvensional yang berpusat pada guru. Pendekatan yang bersifat monologis ini memicu kejenuhan belajar pada siswa, menurunkan motivasi belajar, serta menimbulkan kecemasan akademik. Permasalahan tersebut semakin diperparah oleh tingginya beban kognitif siswa dalam memahami kaidah-kaidah yang bersifat abstrak, seperti Inna wa Akhawatuha, serta belum adanya strategi diferensiasi pembelajaran yang diterapkan guru untuk menjembatani keragaman latar belakang peserta didik pada pendidikan nonformal. Upaya kuratif yang dilakukan guru, seperti pemberian kuis spontan dan kontekstualisasi contoh-contoh kalimat sederhana, masih bersifat parsial dan belum menyentuh akar permasalahan. Implikasi penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya rekonstruksi metodologi pembelajaran menuju pendekatan yang berpusat pada siswa (student-centered learning) serta integrasi strategi self-regulated learning untuk mengurangi beban kognitif dan meningkatkan efektivitas pembelajaran qawaid bahasa Arab dalam ekosistem pendidikan nonformal.

References

Abdalla, E. A. M. A. (2024). A model for teaching Arabic grammar in light of CEFR. Ijaz Arabi Journal, 7(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.18860/ijazarabi.v7i3.27825

Al-Qatawneh, S. (2025). The impact of flipped learning on Arabic grammar achievement. Educational Process: International Journal, 17(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.17.363

Busetto, L., Wick, W., & Gumbinger, C. (2020). How to use and assess qualitative research methods. Neurological Research and Practice, 2(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z

Buska, W., & Prihartini, Y. (2025). Developing Arabic teachers’ pedagogical competence. Arabiyatuna, 9(2), 667–682. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v9i2.14800

Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Fitri, A., et al. (2024). Arabic learning in Islamic education. Journal of Islamic Education, 12(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.14421/almahara.2024.0101-08

Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social science & medicine, 292, 114523.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523

Howell, H. R., Salleh, M. N. M., Rosin, N., ZA, T., Maarif, M. A., & Adnan, M. A. M. (2025). Arabic language curriculum as a foundation for strengthening religious education in public higher education. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 22(1), 97-121. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v22i1.11340

Lăpădat, L. C., & Lăpădat, M. M. (2023). The importance of motivation in foreign language learning. Scientific Bulletin of the Politehnica University of Timişoara Transactions on Modern Languages, 22(1), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.59168/VGLE2734

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8

Mahmoodi, M. H., & Yousefi, M. (2022). Second language motivation research 2010–2019. Language Learning Journal, 50(3), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2020.1869809

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Moser, A., & Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection and analysis. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091

Mukmin, M., et al. (2025). Determining Arabic language proficiency. Jurnal Al Bayan, 17(1), 178–194. https://doi.org/10.24042/5tevdz36

Purnama, B. B., Setiyawan, A., Holilulloh, A., & Sapar, A. A. B. (2024). Analysis of Difficulties in Translating Arabic Texts for 9th Grade Students. Arabi: Journal of Arabic Studies, 9(1), 66-79. https://doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v9i1.721

Salva, C. R., & Labitad, G. F. (2024). Teachers’ practices and academic achievement. Ignatian International Journal, 2(8), 46–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151110

Samin, S. M., Akzam, I., & Supriady, H. (2022). Self-regulated learning in Arabic proficiency. Arabiyat, 9(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.15408/a.v9i2.22828

Shahbari-Kassem, A., Schiff, R., & Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2025). Development of morphological awareness in Arabic: The role of morphological system and morphological distance. Reading and Writing, 38(8), 2235-2267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-024-10581-0

Sugiyono. (2020). Metode penelitian kualitatif. Alfabeta.

Tibi, S., Kim, Y. S. G., Salha, S. H., & Kirby, J. R. (2026). Foundations of Arabic word reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2026.2640910

Vaknin-Nusbaum, V., & Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2020). Morphological awareness and reading comprehension. Reading and Writing, 33(10), 2413–2436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-020-10048-y

Ye, L. (2024). Innovative pedagogical strategies in second language acquisition. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 183, p. 03013). EDP Sciences.

https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418303013

Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Zaki, M. F. M., et al. (2024). Teaching methods of Arabic grammar. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 14(10), 3100–3108. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1410.10