Pengaruh konsentrasi enzim chitosanase dan waktu inkubasi terhadap karakteristik chitooligosakarida dan aktivitas prebiotik dari cangkang kepiting bakau

Effect of chitosanase enzyme concentration and incubation time on chitooligosaccharide characteristic and prebiotic activity from magrove crab shell

Authors

  • Nanda Oktavia Program Studi Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya ,
  • Sri Winarti Program Studi Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya
  • Anugerah Dany Priyanto Program Studi Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35891/tp.v13i2.3080

Keywords:

Chitosanase enzyme, Chitooligosaccharide, Prebiotic activity

Abstract

Mangrove crab shells are one of the wastes that are poorly utilized because it is usually only used for animal feed mixtures. Mangrove crab shells have a high enough chitin content so that it can be used as chitosan and then used as chitooligosaccharides that have the potential to have prebiotic activity. The study aimed to determine the effect of enzyme concentration and length of incubation time on the prebiotic characteristics and activity of chitooligosaccharides. Completely Randomized Design was used as a design experiment with a variable chitosanase  enzyme concentration (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) and incubation time (1 hour, 3 hours, and 5 hours). The study shows that there is an interaction between the two variables in the viscosity parameter, degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, and degree of polymerization. The results showed that the best treatments were an enzyme concentration of 0.5% and a long incubation time of 5%, which resulted in chitooligosaccharides with characteristics: viscosity of 2.75 cPs, degree of deacetylation of 97.68%, the molecular weight of 546.99 Da, and degree of polymerization of 2.67. The best treatment tested the prebiotic activity of 1,18 for Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and 1,33 for Bifidobacterium breve bacteria. Hope this research would be an innovation in the production of a crabs shell or chitin’s source into prebiotic chitooligosaccharide and could boost the immune system.

References

Abidin, N. A. Z., Kormin, F., Abidin, N. A. Z., Anuar, N. A. F. M., & Bakar, M. F. A. (2020). The potential of insects as alternative sources of chitin: An overview on the chemical method of extraction from various sources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21(14), 1–25.

Afni, F. S., Purwaningsih, S., Nurilmala, M., dan Peranginangin, R. (2017). Produksi alginate oligosaccharides (aos) sebagai bahan prebiotik menggunakan enzim alginat liase. Jphpi. 20, 109–122.

Akbari-Alavijeh, S., Shaddel, R., & Jafari, S. M. (2020). Encapsulation of food bioactives and nutraceuticals by various chitosan-based nanocarriers. Food Hydrocolloids. 105.

Arias, J. L. de O., Schneider, A., Batista-Andrade, J. A., Vieira, A. A., Caldas, S. S., & Primel, E. G. (2018). Chitosan from shrimp shells: A renewable sorbent applied to the clean-up step of the method in order to determine multi-residues of veterinary drugs in different types of milk. Food Chemistry. 240, 1243–1253.

Atma Y, Ramdhani H, Mustopa AZ, Pertiwi M, Maisarah R. (2018). Karakteristik fisikokimia gelatin tulang ikan patin (Pangasius sutchi) hasil ekstraksi menggunakan limbah buah nanas (Ananas comosus). Agritech. 38(1):56-63.

Czechowska-Biskup, D., Jarosinska, D., Rokita, B., Ulanski, P., Rosiak, J.M. (2012). Determination of degree of deacetylastion of chitosan-comparision of methods. Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin. 17:5-20.

Fawzya, Y. N., Sihotang, M. Y., Syarmalina, S., & Pratitis, A. (2009). Produksi kitooligosakarida menggunakan selulase dari trichoderma reesei dan bioaktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri. In Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan. 4(2), 105.

Fawzya, Y. N., Sihotang, M. Y., Syarmalina, S., & Pratitis, A. (2009). Produksi kitooligosakarida menggunakan selulase dari Trichoderma reesei dan bioaktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri. In Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan 4(2), 105.

Fernandes, J. C., Tavaria, F. K., Soares, J. C., Ramos, Ó. S., João Monteiro, M., Pintado, M. E., & Xavier Malcata, F. (2008). Antimicrobial effects of chitosans and chitooligosaccharides, upon Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, in food model systems. Food Microbiology. 25(7), 922–928.

Fiamingo A, Delezuk JADM, Trombotto S, David L, Campana-Filho SP. (2016). Extensively deacetylated high molecular weight chitosan from the multistep ultrasound-assisted deacetylation of beta-chitin. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 32:79–85.

Gao, X. A., Zhang, Y. F., Park, R. D., Huang, X., Zhao, X. Y., Xie, J., & Jin, R. De. (2012). Preparation of chitooligosaccharides from chitosan using crude enzyme of Bacillus cereus D-11. Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry. 55(1), 13–17.

Hananto, F. H. (2013). Rancang bangun sensor viskositas cairan menggunakan strain gauge dengan prinsip silinder konsentris. Jurnal Neutrino. 87–94.

Handayani L, H. P., Siwi, P. R., & Rokhati, N. (2013). Depolimerisasi kitosan dengan hidrolisa enzimatik menggunakan enzim α-amilase. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Dan Industri. 2(4), 55–64.

Harti, A. S. (2011). Kajian efek sinergik antara chito-oligosakarida (cos) dan probiotik (Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051) terhadap penurunan kadar kolesterol secara in vivo. Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Pertanian Universitas Setia Budi Surakarta. 4(1).

Huebner, J., Wehling, R. L., & Hutkins, R. W. (2007). Functional activity of commercial prebiotics. International Dairy Journal. 17(7), 770–775.

Islam, M. M., Shahruzzaman, M., Biswas, S., Nurus Sakib, M., & Rashid, T. U. (2020). Chitosan based bioactive materials in tissue engineering applications-A review. Bioactive Materials. 5(1), 164–183.

Jeon, Y. J., & Kim, S. K. (2000). Production of chitooligosaccharides using an ultrafiltration membrane reactor and their antibacterial activity. Progressive Fish-Culturist. 41(11), 133–141.

Khoushab, F., & Yamabhai, M. (2010). Chitin research revisited. Marine Drugs. 8(7), 1988–2012.

Lee, H.W, Park, Y.S, Jung, J.S, & Shin, W.S. (2002). Chitosan Oligosaccharides, dp 2-8, have prebiotic effect on the Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus sp. Anaerobe. 8 319.

Lodhi, G., Kim, Y., Hwang, J., Kim, S., Jeon, Y., Je, J., Ahn, C., Moon, S., Jeon, B., & Park, P. (2014). Chitooligosaccharide and its derivatives : preparation and biological applications. IBoMed Research International. 2014.

Mangunwidjaja, D., Rahayuningsih, M., & Suparwati, R. (2014). Pengaruh konsentrasi enzim dan waktu hidrolisis enzimatis terhadap mutu frukto-oligosakarida dari inulin umbi dahlia (Dahlia pinata). Agroindustri Indonesia. 3(1), 190–199.

Mohan, K., Muralisankar, T., Jayakumar, R., & Rajeevgandhi, C. (2021). A study on structural comparisons of α-chitin extracted from marine crustacean shell waste. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 2(May 2020), 100037.

Mursida, & Tasir, S. (2018). Efektifitas larutan alkali pada proses deasetilasi dari berbagai bahan baku kitosan. JPHPI. 21, 356–366.

Nagasawa, H. (2012). The crustacean cuticle: Structure, composition and mineralization. Frontiers in Bioscience – Elite. 4 E(2), 711–720.

Noviary, H. (2013). Pengaruh derajat deasetilasi kitosan dari cangkang belangkas (tachypleus gigas) yang diikat silang dengan modifikasi genipin. [Tesis]. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Nugraheni, N. T., Kusuma, K. N., Sari, R. Y., Sugiharto, A., Janah, R., Nisa, K., & Humam, A. Z. (2014). Penentuan berat molekul (Mn) polimer dengan metode viskositas. Fisika Eksperimental Lanjut (Berat Molekul). 1-18.

Nurhayati, Y., Abdul, A., Osman, H., Bakar, A., & Abdullah, C. (2016). Effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on the growth of Bifidobacterium species. Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences. 1(1), 13–23.

Putri, S. (2016). Karakterisasi enzim selulase yang dihasilkan oleh Lactobacillus plantarum pada variasi suhu, ph, dan konsentrasi substrat. [Skripsi]. Malang: Universitas Islam Malang.

Quintero-Villegas, M. I., Aam, B. B., Rupnow, J., Sørlie, M., Eijsink, V. G. H., & Hutkins, R. W. (2013). Adherence inhibition of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by chitooligosaccharides with specific degrees of acetylation and polymerization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(11), 2748–2754.

Rahmawati, A., & Yunianta. (2015). hidrolisis enzimatis pati jahe emprit (Zingiber officinale var . rubrum) dengan enzim αlfa amilase (kajian pengaruh konsentrasi enzim dan waktu inkubasi terhadap sifat fisik dan kimia dekstrin) enzymatically hydrolysis of emprit ginger (Zingiber office). Jurnal Pangan Dan Agroindustri. 3(3), 1252–1262.

Ratanavaraporn, J., & Damrongsakkul, S. (2011). Osteogenic differentiation of bone-marrow-derived stem cells cultured with mixed gelatin and chitooligosaccharide scaffolds. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 22(November 2014), 1083–1098.

Ridhay, A. (2016). Pengaruh waktu proses deasetilasi kitin dari cangkang bekicot (Achatina fulica) terhadap derajat deasetilasi [effect of chitin deacetylation processing times from shells of snails (Achatina fulica) to degree of deacetylation]. Kovalen. 2(1), 1–7.

Ridho, F.A., Bambang R., Uju. (2017). Kitooligosakarida melalui depolimerisasi kitosan dengan hidrogen peroksida untuk aplikasi biopreservatif pindang tradisional. JPHPI. 20(3).

Roberfroid, M. (2007). Prebiotics: The concept revisited. Journal of Nutrition. 137(3).

Rokhati, N., Pramudono, B., Istirokhatun, T., Sulchan, M., Dyah, Kresnianingrum, A., & Dewi, L. K. (2015). Enzim endo-glucanase dan cellobiohydrolase. Reaktor. 15(4), 261–267.

Sarni, Natsir, H., & Dali, S., (2016). Produksi oligomer kitosan dari limbah udang windu (Panaeus monodon) menggunakan enzim kitosanase dari isolat bakteri Klebsiella sp. Jurnal Techno 4(2).

Sartika, I. D., Amin, M., Noor, A., Nasution, E., Perikanan, F., & Airlangga, U. (2016). Isolasi dan karakterisasi kitosan dari cangkang rajungan (Portunus pelagicus). Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana. 18(2), 98–112.

Souripet, A. (2016). Potensi prebiotik nasi ungu. AGRITEKNO: Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 5(1), 18.

Tanasale, M. F. J. D. P., Bijang, C. M., & Rumpakwara, E. (2019). Preparation of chitosan with various molecular weight and its effect on depolymerization of chitosan with hydrogen peroxide using conventional technique. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 12(1), 112–120.

Trisnawati, E., Andesti, D., & Saleh, A. (2013). Pembuatan kitosan dari limbah cangkang kepiting sebagai bahan pengawet buah duku dengan variasi lama pengawetan. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 19(2), 17–26.

Van Der Meulen, T., Schipper, H., Van Den Boogaart, J. G. M., Huising, M. O., Kranenbarg, S., & Van Leeuwen, J. L. (2006). Endurance exercise differentially stimulates heart and axial muscle development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 291(4), 1040–1048.

Wahyuni, I., Rojul, A. B., Nasocha, E., Rosyi, N. F., Nurul, Khusnia, & Ningsih, O. R. (2013). Penentuan berat molekul (Mn) polimer dengan metode viskositas. 1–5.

Wijaya, J. C., & Yunianta, Y. (2015). Pengaruh penambahan enzim bromelin terhadap sifat kimia dan organoleptik tempe gembus (kajian konsentrasi dan waktu inkubasi dengan enzim). Jurnal Pangan Dan Agroindustri. 3(1), 96–106.

Yanti, R., Drastinawati, & Yusminar. (2018). Sintesis kitosan dari limbah cangkang kepiting dengan variasi suhu dan waktu pada proses deasetilasi. Jom FTEKNIK, 5(2), 1–7.

Yeni, G., Silfia, S., & Hermianti, W. (2018). Pengembangan potensi tepung bengkuang (Pachyrrhizus erosus) sebagai matriks enkapsulasi yang dimodifikasi melalui proses litnerisasi untuk bahan baku kosmetik. Prosiding Seminar Nasional I Hasil Litbangyasa Industri, Issn 2654-8550, 155–161.

Yunianta, Sulistyo, T., Estiasih, T., & Wulan, N. (2010). Hidrolisis secara sinergis pati garut (Marantha arundinaceae l.) oleh enzim a-amilase, glukoamilase, dan pullulanase untuk produksi sirup glukosa. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian. 11(2), 78–86.

Zuniga, M., Monedero, V., & Yebra, M. J. (2018). Utilization of host-derived glycans by intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(AUG), 1–23.

Downloads

Published

2022-05-23

Issue

Vol. 13 No. 2 (2022)

Section

Article

License

Authors send the manuscript with the understanding that if accepted for publication, the copyright of the article belongs to the authors and retains publishing rights without restriction. More...